Free information about Protocols http://e-articles.info/e/s/s/Protocols/ en-us E-articles.info 2006 - 2007 (...) Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Overlook on Predecessor GPRS? Difference between 3G and GPRS EDGE & 3G networks – Are they same or related? 4. (...) by S. Srilatha http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/3G-Mobile-Technology/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/3G-Mobile-Technology/ Wed, 09 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT (...) For example, if you have your server on a computer with the Linux operating system installed, you would want clients using, say, Windows and Macs to also be able to access your server. To accomplish this, the operating systems all need to use the same data transmission language. This is achieved by using protocols. (...) by Del Fourrier http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Fundamentals-of-Networking/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Fundamentals-of-Networking/ Fri, 04 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT (...) Dual Stack This technique is easy to use and flexible. Hosts can communicate with IPv4 hosts using IPv4 or communicate with IPv6 hosts using IPv6. When everything has been upgraded to IPv6, the IPv4 stack can simply be disabled or removed. (...) by Tim Morgan Jr. http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv4-vs-IPv6:-Comparison/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv4-vs-IPv6:-Comparison/ Sat, 24 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) In most cases, a combination of different mechanisms will be chosen. What the best combination and sequence are depends on the infrastructure of the current environment and the goals and requirements for the transition/integration. In the IETF, the work on the basic protocol is completed. (...) by Tim Morgan Jr. http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Integration-Scenarios/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Integration-Scenarios/ Sat, 24 Nov 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Following is a list of possible points of weakness: Insufficient or nonexistent IT security concepts and corresponding provisions Nonobservance or insufficient control of IT security provisions Usurping of rights (password theft) Incorrect use or faulty administration of IT systems Abuse of rights Weaknesses in software (buffer/heap overflows in conjunction with applications running with superuser rights) Manipulation, theft, or destruction of IT devices, software, or data (physical security) Network eavesdropping (sniffing wired or wireless networks) or replaying of messages Trojan horses, viruses, and worms Security attacks such as masquerading, IP spoofing, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, or man-in-the-middle attacks Routing misuse There are many statistics showing that malicious attacks from the outside are only a smaller fraction of all the possible risks. Many threats come from within the internal network and can in many cases be related to human misconduct or faulty administration. Many of these risks cannot be controlled by technical mechanisms. (...) by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Concepts/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Concepts/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The CIA triad includes: Confidentiality Stored or transmitted information cannot be read or altered by an unauthorized party. Integrity Any alteration of transmitted or stored information can be detected. Availability The information in question is readily accessible to authorized users at all times. (...) by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Practices/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Practices/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The boundary can be around a single host or a network. The access control rules specified by the administrator determine what happens to packets traversing the boundary. The security requirements are defined by a Security Policy Database (SPD). (...) by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPsec-Basics/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPsec-Basics/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Currently available transition mechanisms allow the step-by-step introduction of IPv6 without putting the current IPv4 infrastructure at risk. Here is an overview of the main changes Extended address space The address format is extended from 32 bits to 128 bits. This provides an IP address for every grain of sand on the planet. (...) by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-is-New-in-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-is-New-in-IPv6/ Sun, 30 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The remaining 40 percent is shared by the rest of the world. Of the 6.4 billion people in the world, approximately 330 million live in North America, 807 million in Europe, and 3. (...) by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Why-Do-We-Need-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Why-Do-We-Need-IPv6/ Sun, 30 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) " This concern is unsubstantiated. A major focus in IPv6's development was to create integration mechanisms that allow both protocols to coexist peacefully. You can use IPv6 both in tandem with and independently of IPv4. (...) by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Common-Misconceptions-about-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Common-Misconceptions-about-IPv6/ Thu, 27 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) This might not be a critical issue today, but times are changing fast these days. The risks if you wait too long include losing potential customers and access to new markets and the inability to use new IPv6-based business applications until you implement it. There is a golden rule in IT: "Never touch a running system. (...) by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/When-to-switch-to-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/When-to-switch-to-IPv6/ Sun, 23 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The three modules you will be concerned with in this article are as follows: Authentication Provides the methods you will use to identify your users before allowing them access to your network services. These methods include challenge and response, login and password dialog, encryption, and messaging support. Authorization Provides the methods you will use for remote access control, such as per-user account list and profile, support of IP and Telnet, one-time authorization or authorization for each service, and user group support. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/AAA-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/AAA-Overview/ Wed, 12 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) IPv6 can restore the transparency. However, some people have become used to seeing NAT and private addressing schemes to provide security in enterprise networks by hiding the network topology from the outside. These people may perceive the IPv6 transparency as a threat to their network and may even plan to deploy IPv6 networks with private local addressing schemes and translators only for this reason. (...) by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Enterprise-Security-Models-for-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Enterprise-Security-Models-for-IPv6/ Tue, 11 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) SLIP, described in RFC 1055, works only with IP on point-to-point serial connections. PPP, on the other hand, can facilitate multiprotocol connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Therefore, PPP is the most widely used protocol for remote dial access. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PPP-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PPP-Overview/ Mon, 10 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Several flavors of DSL exist, but each type can be categorized as either SDSL or ADSL. Symmetric DSL (SDSL) provides equal bandwidth from the customer premises to the service provider (upstream) and from the service provider to the customer (downstream). ADSL provides higher downstream speeds than upstream. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ADSL-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ADSL-Overview/ Mon, 10 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) ITU organizes these protocols in the following manner: E. series Describes telephone network standards as they relate to ISDN. I. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-ISDN-Layer-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-ISDN-Layer-Protocols/ Sun, 09 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The source computer has to be specifically configured to communicate with a proxy server, whereas the destination computer thinks that the proxy server is the source computer. Proxy servers usually operate at Layer 4 (the transport layer of the OSI Reference Model) or higher, and NAT operates at Layer 3 (the network layer). Because proxy servers are usually an add-on application, they might be slower than NAT, because NAT is accomplished in hardware. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAT-Operation/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAT-Operation/ Sun, 09 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Worst of all, because of the way a routed IP network functions, machines on other parts of the network might also gain visibility of the data. This makes TELNET unsuitable for use in environments where the security of the underlying network or every host en route cannot be completely trusted. To put it another way, as a UNIX administrator, you probably have no control over security outside of your system—your options are confined to host-based network controls only. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/TELNET-Protocol-Risks-in-LINUX/UNIX/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/TELNET-Protocol-Risks-in-LINUX/UNIX/ Wed, 05 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The end-user access, however, such as the telephone and modem connections, has remained mostly analog. ISDN takes advantage of the digital telecommunications backbone and replaces some of the analog service devices with new higher-speed digital equipment. So the beauty of ISDN is that it makes use of the existing backbone technology while enhancing it with cost-effective higher-speed services that were previously unavailable or unjustifiably expensive. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ISDN-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ISDN-Overview/ Tue, 04 Sep 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Interesting traffic brings up a connection, and uninteresting traffic doesn't. How does a router know which traffic is interesting and which isn't? Through preconfigured access lists and dialer lists. A dialer list specifies interesting traffic that is allowed to make a connection. (...) by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Dial-on-demand-routing-(DDR)/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Dial-on-demand-routing-(DDR)/ Thu, 30 Aug 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Although routers are a solution to the general spoofing problem, they too operate by examining the source address. Thus, they can only protect against incoming packets that purport to originate from within your internal network. If your network (for some inexplicable reason) trusts foreign hosts, routers will not protect against a spoofing attack that purports to originate from those hosts. (...) by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/How-Do-I-Prevent-IP-Spoofing-Attacks/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/How-Do-I-Prevent-IP-Spoofing-Attacks/ Fri, 27 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The TCP/IP suite of networking protocols connects various operating systems and network components. It provides a standard method for moving data between systems, and is used both on the Internet as well as in the world of private networking. Protocols within the TCP/IP suite provide data transport for all services available to today's network user. (...) by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-Is-TCP/IP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-Is-TCP/IP/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Sniffers are devices that can monitor network processes. A sniffer is a device - either hardware or software - that can read every packet sent across a network. Sniffers are commonly used to isolate network problems that, although invisible to the end user, are degrading net work performance. (...) by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-Level-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-Level-Protocols/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Thus, if a high level of trust exists between machines, stringent authentication is not required to make a connection. On the other hand, if little or no trust exists between machines, more rigorous authentication is required. If you think about it, humans exercise similar rules. (...) by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Security-Fundamentals/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Security-Fundamentals/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Probably the most common one is Apache, which has supported IPv6 since version 2. Version 1.3 can be patched to support IPv6. (...) by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Browsers-and-Web-Servers/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Browsers-and-Web-Servers/ Tue, 24 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Just as machines on the Internet have unique IP addresses, each application (FTP or Telnet, for example) is assigned a unique address called a port. The port defines the type of service that is being requested or provided. The application in question is bound to that particular port, and, when any connection request is made to that port, the corresponding server application responds. (...) by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Application-Level-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Application-Level-Protocols/ Sun, 22 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) An FTP client makes a TCP/IP connection to an FTP server (TCP port 21), and authenticates (or in the case of an anonymous server, supplies an e-mail address). The client can list, put, or retrieve files. Most client/server protocols use just one server port, whereas FTP uses two—one is a control connection for handling commands (port 21), and the other is a data connection (port 20) for transferring data. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-in-UNIX/LINUX/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-in-UNIX/LINUX/ Thu, 19 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) ARP Spoofing ARP spoofing is a technique that alters the ARP cache. Here's how it works: The ARP cache contains hardware-to-IP mapping information. The key is to keep your hardware address, but to assume the IP address of a trusted host. (...) by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Strange-and-Offbeat-Spoofing-Attacks/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Strange-and-Offbeat-Spoofing-Attacks/ Wed, 18 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) They are all forwarded with best effort treatment according to the "first-come, first-served" principle. Which path a packet takes through the network depends on the available routers, routing tables, and general network load. QoS protocols have the task of providing different data streams with priorities and guaranteeing qualities such as bandwidth and delay times. (...) by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/QoS-Basics/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/QoS-Basics/ Mon, 16 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) UNIX distributions often ship without an REXEC client program—for some, this makes the service all the more mysterious. The REXEC protocol is predominately used by application programmers to remotely connect to a UNIX system, run a command, and exit. They do this via the REXECREXEC library call. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/REXEC/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/REXEC/ Wed, 27 Jun 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) NFS implementations consist of more than just a single NFS server process. In fact, they require mountd, statd, and lockd. These daemons have had a plethora of problems— especially statd. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-File-System-NFS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-File-System-NFS/ Tue, 19 Jun 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) By default, UNIX comes with the sendmail program, an age-old program that implements the SMTP protocol (and more). SMTP Risks Sendmail is one of those programs every administrator seems to have heard of. Its history of security problems is well known. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SMTP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SMTP/ Mon, 18 Jun 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...)   Called  ARPANET, its original goal was to enable government affiliations, educational institutions, and research laboratories to share computing resources and to collaborate via file sharing and  electronic  mail.  It  didn’t  take  long,  however,  for  DARPA  to  realize  the  advantages  of ARPANET and the possibilities of providing these network links across the world. By the 1970s, DARPA continued aggressively funding and conducting research on ARPANET, to motivate the development of the framework for a community of networking technologies. (...) by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/History-of-the-Internet/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/History-of-the-Internet/ Tue, 29 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) (A packet is defined as a logical grouping of information, which includes a header containing control information and, usually, user data.) The equipment —that is, routers—that encounter these packets, strip off and examine the headers that contain the sensitive routing information. These headers are modified and reformulated as a packet to be passed along. (...) by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Protocol/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Protocol/ Tue, 29 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) These features describe a connection-oriented process of communication establishment. There are many components that result in TCP’s reliable service delivery. Following are some of the main points: • Streams. (...) by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Transmission-Control-Protocol/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Transmission-Control-Protocol/ Tue, 29 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams, which are encapsulated in frames, as they travel across the Internet. Basically, ICMP uses the same unreliable means of communications as a datagram. This means that ICMP error messages may be lost or duplicated. (...) by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Control-Message-Protocol-ICMP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Control-Message-Protocol-ICMP/ Tue, 29 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) What sets Web architectures apart from traditional centralized computing models (such as mainframe computing) is that they rely substantially on the technology popularized by the World Wide Web, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and its primary transport medium, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Although HTML and HTTP define a typical Web application architecture, there is a lot more to a Web app than these two technologies. A Brief Word about HTML Although HTML is becoming a much less critical component of Web applications as we write this, it just wouldn’t seem appropriate to omit mention of it completely since it was so critical to the early evolution of the Web. (...) by Fayad S. Bolkiah http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/THE-WEB-APPLICATION-ARCHITECTURE/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/THE-WEB-APPLICATION-ARCHITECTURE/ Sun, 27 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) TCP connections are commonly used for zone transfers. The DNS matches IP addresses to hostnames (and hostnames to IP addresses). A DNS server is responsible, or authoritative, for a given part of the domain name system (for example, mybitofthenet. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-risks-and-security/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-risks-and-security/ Fri, 25 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The RFC specifies two new FTP commands to replace the PORT and PASV commands from the earlier FTP specification (RFC 959). The PORT command is used in active mode to specify a port different from the default ports used for the data connection. It contains IPv4 address information and therefore cannot be used with IPv6 without modification. (...) by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-with-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-with-IPv6/ Fri, 25 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) This is not changing in the IPv6 world. The need for DNS is actually much greater because of the length of IPv6 addresses. Mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments need multiple host entries in DNS. (...) by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-in-the-IPv6-world/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-in-the-IPv6-world/ Fri, 18 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Attacks can be summarized into the following categories: Brute-forcing of user credentials Denial of services Session replay Spoofed packet injection Response Authenticator Attack The Response Authenticator is primarily an MD5-based hash. If an attacker observes a valid Access-Request, Access-Accept, or Access-Reject packet sequence, he or she can launch an exhaustive offline attack on the shared secret. An attacker can compute the MD5 hash for (Code+ID+Length+RequestAuth+Attributes), as the majority of compiling parts of the Authenticator are known, and then resume it for each shared secret guess. (...) by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Vulnerabilities/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Vulnerabilities/ Tue, 15 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) All you need to do is configure your IPv6-enabled routers with the prefix information for the links to which they are attached. But you might still choose to have DHCP servers in some cases. Host configuration that includes the assignment of IPv6 addresses using DHCP is called Stateful autoconfiguration or Stateful DHCPv6. (...) by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DHCP-with-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DHCP-with-IPv6/ Mon, 07 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The development was initiated from the needs of an Automotive Network Exchange (ANX) that required a safe interconnection among multiple vendors, suppliers, and customers. The IP Security Protocol Working Group develops mechanisms for protection of IP traffic through defining the structure of the protected IP packets and implementing the security associations used for VPN communications. Even though the protocol itself is not finalized concerning its key management issues, it does define specific protocols for data authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. (...) by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPSec-Protocols-Operations-and-Modes-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPSec-Protocols-Operations-and-Modes-Overview/ Wed, 02 May 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) For the technical details behind SNMP v1, consult RFC 1157. RFC 1441 introduces the various RFCs that make up SNMP v2. SNMP Risks An SNMP client authenticates to an SNMP agent via a string known as a community name. (...) by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SNMP-risks-and-security/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SNMP-risks-and-security/ Mon, 16 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) We’ve all experienced situations where some small piece of data isn’t there when we need it. But no matter how hard we wish we had not forgotten that contact name, phone number, date, or account number, it still refuses to magically appear. Wireless applications will enable users to wirelessly retrieve data that may be typically stored in various other digital systems. (...) by Jack Johnson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PERSONALIZED-COMMUNICATIONS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PERSONALIZED-COMMUNICATIONS/ Sat, 14 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) g., ICMP, TCP, UDP). The operation mechanism is pretty similar to the PPP, but cIPe does encapsulate transmitted IP packets within UDP datagrams. (...) by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Alternative-VPN-Implementations/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Alternative-VPN-Implementations/ Sat, 14 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) nl) from the original Livingston source. The home page ( http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Related-Tools/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Related-Tools/ Wed, 04 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Initial versions of email could send short text messages of 1 to 3 pages. Email technology has evolved  (standardized) to allow file  attachments, and new versions of email (such as those using Flash technology) send animation or video clips as email messages. Email messaging is probably the best single reason for users to get connected to the Internet. (...) by Jack Johnson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MOBILE-ELECTRONIC-MAIL/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MOBILE-ELECTRONIC-MAIL/ Sun, 01 Apr 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) The growing number of users, the ease of accessibility, and the reduced cost of the Internet connection have introduced a greater need for cost-effective and secure communications without purchase of leased lines. Many companies participated in the development that resulted in the creation of different VPN standards and protocols. We discuss the most common ones here. (...) by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/VPN-and-Tunneling-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/VPN-and-Tunneling-Protocols/ Wed, 21 Mar 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) (Your Macintosh friends probably call the same thing AirPort, because that's what Apple calls it.) To get onto a wireless network, your PC needs a WiFi transmitter. Almost every laptop sold today has WiFi built in. (...) by Mario Svaliega http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-Networks-(WiFi-or-802.11)/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-Networks-(WiFi-or-802.11)/ Mon, 19 Feb 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) Other resources such as time, code, and space were initially manipulated in a very precarious and, therefore, ineffective manner. The early systems operated in the simplex mode in the forward link. Halfduplex systems soon appeared, in which forward link and reverse link shared the same channel. (...) by Laura Ficzperich http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Duplexing-Techniques-in-Wireless-communication-systems/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Duplexing-Techniques-in-Wireless-communication-systems/ Tue, 23 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT (...) In a domain, you only have a single name and password, which gets you into every shared PC and printer on the network. Everyone's account information resides on a central computer called a domain controllera computer so important, it's usually locked away in a closet or a data-center room. A domain controller keeps track of who is allowed to log on, who is logged on, and what each person is allowed to do on the network. (...) by Mario Svaliega http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Domain-Concept/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Domain-Concept/ Wed, 27 Dec 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...)   Standards such as IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Home RF are leading the way to untethered communications in-building or outside over small areas. Another important development is the Personal Area Network, also known as Bluetooth. (...) by Steve Galloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-LAN-and-Personal-Area-Network/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-LAN-and-Personal-Area-Network/ Sun, 24 Dec 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...) Some of these services are listed below: Voice-Based User Identification. This service employs a form of automatic speech recognition to validate the identity of the speaker. Access to services can then be restricted to the user whose voice (phrase) has been used to train the recognition device. (...) by Laura Ficzperich http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-IN-Services/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-IN-Services/ Mon, 11 Dec 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...) The initial version of this standard  came from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in June 1996. It  defines  communication over IP-based local area networks (LANs). A later version (v2), adopted in January 1998, extended it over wide area use and general-purpose IP networks. (...) by Steve Galloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/INFRASTRUCTURE-PROTOCOLS-AND-APPLICATIONS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/INFRASTRUCTURE-PROTOCOLS-AND-APPLICATIONS/ Fri, 24 Nov 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...) This section examines the structure of these requests and responses, along with a few examples of the sorts of data they may contain. The HTTP Request After opening a connection to the intended server, the HTTP client transmits a request in the following format: An opening line Optionally, a number of header lines A blank line Optionally, a message body The opening line is generally split into three parts; the name of the method, the path to the required server resource, and the HTTP version being used. A typical opening line might read: GET /test/testpage. (...) by Lian Xi Io http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-HTTP-Request-and-Response-Codes/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-HTTP-Request-and-Response-Codes/ Thu, 09 Nov 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...) Can we tell when someone powers on a card within range of the local network? This can be done with off-the-shelf components and free software. The Cisco Aironet driver included with the more recent Linux kernels supports "RF Monitor" mode, which permits promiscuous monitoring of 802.11 packets - specifically, monitoring raw 802. (...) by Kim Sulloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Detecting-Unauthorized-802.11-Cards-and-Access-Points/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Detecting-Unauthorized-802.11-Cards-and-Access-Points/ Tue, 26 Sep 2006 00:00:00 GMT (...) The Lotus-AOL test used a variation of Simple Implementation Protocol (SIP) known as SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE). It is one of three protocols being considered by the IETF as its Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol, or IMPP. SIMPLE is considered the front-runner over Presence and Instant Messaging Protocol and the Application Exchange protocol because AOL and Microsoft Corp. (...) by David Lind http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Standardized-Protocols-for-Private-Instant-Messaging/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Standardized-Protocols-for-Private-Instant-Messaging/ Sat, 12 Aug 2006 00:00:00 GMT