Free information about Protocols http://e-articles.info/e/s/s/Protocols/ en-us E-articles.info 2006 - 2009 The MIL STD 130 is a protocol followed by the Department of Defense for keeping track of their military property. This property includes anything produced stocked stored or issued by and for the DoD. Ultimately this MIL STD 130 standard is a guideline to be used when determining the minimum needs of the government for a specific contract... by ID Integration http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MIL-STD-130-A-Standard-Protocol-For-Unique-Identification/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MIL-STD-130-A-Standard-Protocol-For-Unique-Identification/ Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:33:17 GMT Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) is an overarching suite of standards that include CVE, CVSS, CPE, XCCDF, and OVAL. The NIST maintains the SCAP content, which defines how all of these protocols work together in an automated fashion. It also contains the content of all of these standards in the NVD... by Matei Ionov http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SCAP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SCAP/ Wed, 21 Oct 2009 01:41:22 GMT NAS supports many different file transfer protocols, including File Transfer Protocol, Common Internet File System, Network File System, and many others. NAS servers are very flexible in terms of network attachment. Connection can be made either with a fiber channel or the Ethernet network... by Electronic Hardware http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAS-in-Our-Daily-Lives/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAS-in-Our-Daily-Lives/ Wed, 14 Oct 2009 02:49:27 GMT The current version of IP (known as version 4 or IPv4) has not changed substantially since Request for Comments (RFC) 791, which was published in 1981. IPv4 has proven to be robust, easily implemented, and interoperable. It has stood up to the test of scaling an internetwork to a global utility the size of today’s Internet... by Tim Ferrero http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Limitations-of-IPv4/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Limitations-of-IPv4/ Mon, 05 Jan 2009 03:57:32 GMT The following list summarizes the features of the IPv6 protocol: ■ New header format ■ Large address space ■ Stateless and stateful address configuration ■ IPsec header support required ■ Better support for prioritized delivery ■ New protocol for neighboring node interaction ■ Extensibility New Header Format The IPv6 header has a new format that is designed to minimize header processing. This is achieved by moving both nonessential and optional fields to extension headers that are placed after the IPv6 header. The streamlined IPv6 header is more efficiently processed at intermediate routers... by Tim Ferrero http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Features-of-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Features-of-IPv6/ Mon, 05 Jan 2009 04:23:37 GMT An IPv6 network consists of multiple IPv6 subnets interconnected by IPv6 routers. To provide reachability to any arbitrary location on the IPv6 network, routes must exist on sending hosts and routers to forward the traffic to the desired destination. These routes can either be general routes, such as a default route that summarizes all locations, or specific routes, such as subnet routes that summarize all locations on a specific subnet... by Tim Ferrero http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Routing-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Routing-Protocols/ Mon, 05 Jan 2009 05:31:42 GMT The caveats for NAS are twofold. The architecture employed by NAS products does not lend itself to applications that are dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the storage media—meaning any application that either has its own embedded file system to map and store data to the online storage directly, or that works with data management products, such as relational databases, which do the same. Secondly, applications that deal with highly volatile data do not perform well—in other words, data that is subject to constant and continuous updating by a large user base... by Kematur Serr http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAS-Caveats/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAS-Caveats/ Sat, 08 Nov 2008 06:39:47 GMT The caveats for SAN are several. The main issues of complexity and cost center around the heterogeneous nature of the SAN itself. Because SANs are configured with several discrete components, the complexity of configuration and implementation becomes a challenge... by Kematur Serr http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Caveats-for-SAN/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Caveats-for-SAN/ Sat, 08 Nov 2008 07:47:52 GMT Automated voice messages are now very popular in customer care industry, as well as automatic transaction processing. This is among the most popular use of Automated Voice Calling systems apart from the marketing and advertising of products and services for a particular organization. Types of Voice Messaging There are various types of voice messages ranging from simple promotional reminders, more complex dialogues, allowing consumers to complete a transaction, talk to a live agent, to respond to a satisfaction survey... by Thomas Mahoney http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Most-Common-Types-of-Voice-Messages/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Most-Common-Types-of-Voice-Messages/ Thu, 18 Sep 2008 08:55:57 GMT 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3... by S. Srilatha http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/3G-Mobile-Technology/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/3G-Mobile-Technology/ Wed, 09 Jan 2008 09:23:15 GMT Protocols One of the first things that you must consider with networking is that you may be communicating with native operating systems. For example, if you have your server on a computer with the Linux operating system installed, you would want clients using, say, Windows and Macs to also be able to access your server. To accomplish this, the operating systems all need to use the same data transmission language... by Del Fourrier http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Fundamentals-of-Networking/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Fundamentals-of-Networking/ Fri, 04 Jan 2008 10:31:20 GMT This article should help you to determine which way to go and which IPv4 - IPv6 combinations to choose. Dual Stack This technique is easy to use and flexible. Hosts can communicate with IPv4 hosts using IPv4 or communicate with IPv6 hosts using IPv6... by Tim Morgan Jr. http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv4-vs-IPv6:-Comparison/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv4-vs-IPv6:-Comparison/ Sat, 24 Nov 2007 11:39:25 GMT There are numerous mechanisms that support a step-by-step introduction of IPv6. There is no one mechanism that can cover all requirements or be optimal for all scenarios. In most cases, a combination of different mechanisms will be chosen... by Tim Morgan Jr. http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Integration-Scenarios/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Integration-Scenarios/ Sat, 24 Nov 2007 12:47:30 GMT In order to protect data, one has to be aware of the possible threats. People often focus solely on malicious attacks from foreign networks. A comprehensive security concept needs to consider many other aspects... by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Concepts/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Concepts/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 13:55:35 GMT Standard security practices involve two "triads" of thought, CIA and AAA. The CIA triad includes: Confidentiality Stored or transmitted information cannot be read or altered by an unauthorized party. Integrity Any alteration of transmitted or stored information can be detected... by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Practices/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/General-IPv6-Security-Practices/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 14:23:40 GMT IPsec, originally defined in RFC 2401 and updated in RFC 4301, describes a security architecture for both versions of IP for IPv4 and IPv6. The following elements are part of the IPsec framework: A general description of security requirements and mechanisms at the network layer A protocol for encryption (Encapsulating Security Payload, ESP) A protocol for authentication (Authentication Header, AH) A definition for the use of cryptographic algorithms for encryption and authentication A definition of security policies and security associations between communication peers Key management The configuration of IPsec creates a boundary between a protected and an unprotected area. The boundary can be around a single host or a network... by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPsec-Basics/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPsec-Basics/ Thu, 04 Oct 2007 15:31:45 GMT IPv6 is an evolution of IPv4. The protocol is installed as a software upgrade in most devices and operating systems. If you buy up-to-date hardware and operating systems, IPv6 is usually supported and needs only activation or configuration... by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-is-New-in-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-is-New-in-IPv6/ Sun, 30 Sep 2007 16:39:50 GMT For historic reasons, organizations and government agencies in the United States use approximately 60 percent of the allocatable IPv4 address space. The remaining 40 percent is shared by the rest of the world. Of the 6... by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Why-Do-We-Need-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Why-Do-We-Need-IPv6/ Sun, 30 Sep 2007 17:47:55 GMT When considering all these advantages, maybe the question should be: "Why not IPv6?" When talking to customers, we often find that they share a similar set of misconceptions preventing them from considering IPv6. Here are the most common ones:"The introduction of IPv6 puts our current IP infrastructureour networks and servicesat risk." This concern is unsubstantiated... by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Common-Misconceptions-about-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Common-Misconceptions-about-IPv6/ Thu, 27 Sep 2007 18:55:15 GMT If the rest of the world moves to IPv6 while you insist on continuing to use IPv4, you will exclude yourself from global communication and reachability. This might not be a critical issue today, but times are changing fast these days. The risks if you wait too long include losing potential customers and access to new markets and the inability to use new IPv6-based business applications until you implement it... by Gerry Dawson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/When-to-switch-to-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/When-to-switch-to-IPv6/ Sun, 23 Sep 2007 19:23:20 GMT AAA combines three independent security functions in a modular fashion that allows you to configure access control to your network devices, such as routers and switches. The three modules you will be concerned with in this article are as follows: Authentication Provides the methods you will use to identify your users before allowing them access to your network services. These methods include challenge and response, login and password dialog, encryption, and messaging support... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/AAA-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/AAA-Overview/ Wed, 12 Sep 2007 20:31:25 GMT End-to-end transparency and security has been lost in many IPv4 networks due to the need to introduce NAT because of the shortage of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 can restore the transparency. However, some people have become used to seeing NAT and private addressing schemes to provide security in enterprise networks by hiding the network topology from the outside... by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Enterprise-Security-Models-for-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Enterprise-Security-Models-for-IPv6/ Tue, 11 Sep 2007 21:39:30 GMT To make remote connections possible, users need to have the following components installed on their devices: application software (such as FTP, Telnet, or a web browser), protocol stacks (TCP/IP, IPX, AppleTalk), and link-layer protocols (such as PPP). When sent out across the dialup connection, the higher-layer protocols are framed in link-layer protocols (such as PPP) much like Ethernet link-layer framing encapsulates IP datagrams on a LAN. This article introduces the following concepts: Common remote-access protocols PPP framing PPP negotiation phases LCP options PPP frame format Common Remote-Access Protocols For datagram transmission over point-to-point lines, two standard protocols exist: Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and PPP... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PPP-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PPP-Overview/ Mon, 10 Sep 2007 22:47:35 GMT DSL technology introduces a new family of products that can provide high-speed data and voice service over existing copper pairs. Several flavors of DSL exist, but each type can be categorized as either SDSL or ADSL. Symmetric DSL (SDSL) provides equal bandwidth from the customer premises to the service provider (upstream) and from the service provider to the customer (downstream)... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ADSL-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ADSL-Overview/ Mon, 10 Sep 2007 23:55:40 GMT ISDN spans the bottom three layers of the OSI reference model. As mentioned, ISDN uses a multitude of protocols that fall under those layers and govern its operation. To communicate from the local terminal equipment to the ISDN switch in the central office (CO), ISDN uses a unique collection of protocols... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-ISDN-Layer-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-ISDN-Layer-Protocols/ Sun, 09 Sep 2007 01:23:45 GMT NAT can be confused with a proxy server, but there are definite differences between the two. NAT is transparent to the source and destination computers, but a proxy server is not. The source computer has to be specifically configured to communicate with a proxy server, whereas the destination computer thinks that the proxy server is the source computer... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAT-Operation/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/NAT-Operation/ Sun, 09 Sep 2007 02:31:50 GMT The major security weakness of TELNET is that all communications between the Telnet client and server are passed in plaintext (that is, unencrypted) across the network. That means usernames, passwords, sensitive system data, and other possibly confidential information is visible to anyone running a network sniffer located between the client and server. Worst of all, because of the way a routed IP network functions, machines on other parts of the network might also gain visibility of the data... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/TELNET-Protocol-Risks-in-LINUX/UNIX/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/TELNET-Protocol-Risks-in-LINUX/UNIX/ Wed, 05 Sep 2007 03:39:55 GMT This article introduces the main components of ISDN. This includes, but is not limited to, the following topics: What are integrated services? Advantages of ISDN ISDN services ISDN bandwidth and channels What Are Integrated Services? Since the 1960s, the telecommunication networks backbone has been converting to digital. The end-user access, however, such as the telephone and modem connections, has remained mostly analog... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ISDN-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/ISDN-Overview/ Tue, 04 Sep 2007 04:47:15 GMT Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) determines whether to bring up a connection that is not already active based on interesting and uninteresting traffic coming into the router. Interesting traffic brings up a connection, and uninteresting traffic doesn't. How does a router know which traffic is interesting and which isn't? Through preconfigured access lists and dialer lists... by Leon Tufallo http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Dial-on-demand-routing-(DDR)/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Dial-on-demand-routing-(DDR)/ Thu, 30 Aug 2007 05:55:20 GMT Configuring your network to reject packets from the Net that claim to originate from a local address can thwart IP spoofing attacks. This is done at the router level. Conversely, it is also generally a good policy to reject packets originating inside of your network that claim to come from a host on the outside... by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/How-Do-I-Prevent-IP-Spoofing-Attacks/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/How-Do-I-Prevent-IP-Spoofing-Attacks/ Fri, 27 Jul 2007 06:23:25 GMT TCP/IP refers to two network protocols used on the Internet: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. However, TCP and IP are only two protocols belonging to a much larger collection of protocols called the TCP/IP suite. The TCP/IP suite of networking protocols connects various operating systems and network components... by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-Is-TCP/IP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/What-Is-TCP/IP/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 07:31:30 GMT \Network-level protocols facilitate the data transport process transparently. They are invisible to the end user unless that user employs utilities to monitor system processes. Sniffers are devices that can monitor network processes... by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-Level-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-Level-Protocols/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 08:39:35 GMT There are two recurring themes in Internet security: - Trust - Authentication Trust is the relationship between machines that are authorized to connect to one another. Authentication is the process those machines use to identify each other. Trust and authentication generally have an inverse relationship... by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Security-Fundamentals/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Security-Fundamentals/ Thu, 26 Jul 2007 09:47:40 GMT If you want to surf the Internet over IPv6, you need web servers and a browser that support IPv6. There are different HTTP servers that already support IPv6. Probably the most common one is Apache, which has supported IPv6 since version 2... by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Browsers-and-Web-Servers/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPv6-Browsers-and-Web-Servers/ Tue, 24 Jul 2007 10:55:45 GMT Each time a machine requests services from another, it specifies a particular destination and transport method. The destination is expressed as the Internet (IP) address of the target machine, and the transport method is the transport protocol (that is, TCP or UDP). Further, the requesting machine specifies the application it is trying to reach at the destination by using a system of ports... by Dr. Ayo Weston http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Application-Level-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Application-Level-Protocols/ Sun, 22 Jul 2007 11:23:50 GMT FTP is the File Transfer Protocol. An FTP client makes a TCP/IP connection to an FTP server (TCP port 21), and authenticates (or in the case of an anonymous server, supplies an e-mail address). The client can list, put, or retrieve files... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-in-UNIX/LINUX/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-in-UNIX/LINUX/ Thu, 19 Jul 2007 12:31:55 GMT IP spoofing is only one form of spoofing. Other spoofing techniques exist, including ARP and DNS spoofing. Let's briefly examine each... by Edith Ledwin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Strange-and-Offbeat-Spoofing-Attacks/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Strange-and-Offbeat-Spoofing-Attacks/ Wed, 18 Jul 2007 13:39:15 GMT The current IP model treats all packets alike. They are all forwarded with best effort treatment according to the "first-come, first-served" principle. Which path a packet takes through the network depends on the available routers, routing tables, and general network load... by Ahmad Rivkin http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/QoS-Basics/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/QoS-Basics/ Mon, 16 Jul 2007 14:47:20 GMT REXEC is often confused with the other r services. However, it bears no relationship to them. REXEC runs on TCP port 512... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/REXEC/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/REXEC/ Wed, 27 Jun 2007 15:55:25 GMT The Network File System (NFS) protocol defines a way for co-operating systems to share filesystems. Today, everyone seems to refer to NFS mounts as shares. NFS is based on the RPC (Remote Procedure Call), a protocol that defines how machines can make calls to procedures on remote machines as if they were local... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-File-System-NFS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Network-File-System-NFS/ Tue, 19 Jun 2007 16:23:30 GMT SMTP is the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (defined in RFC 821). Among other tasks, its job is to receive mail by accepting connections on TCP port 25 from remote mail servers. By default, UNIX comes with the sendmail program, an age-old program that implements the SMTP protocol (and more)... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SMTP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SMTP/ Mon, 18 Jun 2007 17:31:35 GMT During the 1960s, the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later called DARPA) began an experimental wide area network (WAN) that spanned the United States... by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/History-of-the-Internet/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/History-of-the-Internet/ Tue, 29 May 2007 18:39:40 GMT The Internet Protocol (IP) part of the TCP/IP suite is a four-layer model. IP is designed to interconnect networks to form an Internet to pass data back and forth. IP contains addressing and control information that enables packets to be routed through this Internet... by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Protocol/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Protocol/ Tue, 29 May 2007 19:47:45 GMT IP has many weaknesses, one of which is unreliable packet delivery—packets may be dropped due to transmission errors, bad routes, and/or throughput degradation. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) helps reconcile these issues by providing reliable, stream-oriented connections. In fact, TCP/IP is predominantly based on TCP functionality, which is based on IP, to make up the TCP/IP suite... by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Transmission-Control-Protocol/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Transmission-Control-Protocol/ Tue, 29 May 2007 20:55:50 GMT The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) delivers message packets, reporting errors and other pertinent information to the sending station or source. Hosts and infrastructure equipment use this mechanism to communicate control and error information, as they pertain to IP packet processing. ICMP Format, Encapsulation, and Delivery ICMP message encapsulation is a two -fold process... by Walter Mirano http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Control-Message-Protocol-ICMP/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Internet-Control-Message-Protocol-ICMP/ Tue, 29 May 2007 21:23:55 GMT Web application architectures most closely approximate the centralized model of computing, with many distributed “thin” clients that typically perform little more than data presentation connecting to a central “thick” server that does the bulk of the processing. What sets Web architectures apart from traditional centralized computing models (such as mainframe computing) is that they rely substantially on the technology popularized by the World Wide Web, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and its primary transport medium, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Although HTML and HTTP define a typical Web application architecture, there is a lot more to a Web app than these two technologies... by Fayad S. Bolkiah http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/THE-WEB-APPLICATION-ARCHITECTURE/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/THE-WEB-APPLICATION-ARCHITECTURE/ Sun, 27 May 2007 22:31:15 GMT DNS is the Domain Name System. It's a UDP- and TCP-based protocol that listens on port 53. TCP connections are commonly used for zone transfers... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-risks-and-security/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-risks-and-security/ Fri, 25 May 2007 23:39:20 GMT FTP has been designed to work over IPv4 supporting 32-bit addresses. With RFC 2428, "FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs," a specification was made that allows FTP to work over IPv4 and IPv6. During the time in which both protocols coexist (and this will be a long time), it is important that FTP servers have a mechanism to negotiate the network protocol that should be used for a session... by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-with-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/FTP-with-IPv6/ Fri, 25 May 2007 01:47:25 GMT DNS is used in the IPv4 world to do name-to-address mappings and vice versa. This is not changing in the IPv6 world. The need for DNS is actually much greater because of the length of IPv6 addresses... by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-in-the-IPv6-world/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DNS-in-the-IPv6-world/ Fri, 18 May 2007 02:55:30 GMT RADIUS is known to have a set of weaknesses that are either presented in the protocol itself or caused by poor client implementation. The stateless UDP protocol itself allows easier packet forging and spoofing. The vulnerabilities shown in this section do not represent a complete list of protocol issues and are shown to highlight several methods of circumventing user authentication... by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Vulnerabilities/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Vulnerabilities/ Tue, 15 May 2007 03:23:35 GMT DHCP is widely used to configure hosts with their IPv4 addresses and additional information. If you have an IPv6 network, you do not need DHCP to configure your hosts with address information. The Stateless autoconfiguration mechanism will configure your hosts for their IPv6 addresses without the need to set up a DHCP server... by Maxine Nahman http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DHCP-with-IPv6/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/DHCP-with-IPv6/ Mon, 07 May 2007 04:31:40 GMT IPSec was designed by a dedicated working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The goal behind IPSec creation was the development of a single standard providing high-quality, interoperable, and flexible security for both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. The development was initiated from the needs of an Automotive Network Exchange (ANX) that required a safe interconnection among multiple vendors, suppliers, and customers... by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPSec-Protocols-Operations-and-Modes-Overview/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/IPSec-Protocols-Operations-and-Modes-Overview/ Wed, 02 May 2007 05:39:45 GMT SNMP is a protocol to support network monitoring and management. Its use is widespread, and most network monitoring products rely upon it. It runs on UDP ports 161 and 162 (for snmp traps)... by Andreas Schmidt http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SNMP-risks-and-security/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/SNMP-risks-and-security/ Mon, 16 Apr 2007 06:47:50 GMT Personalized communications consist of applications and services that are based on access to and manipulation of the user’s personal data. This includes services such as personal information management, calendar and scheduler management, email messaging, unified messaging, chat, and community participation. Wireless Internet applications will add value to personalized communications by increasing a user’s ability to access personal data while mobile... by Jack Johnson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PERSONALIZED-COMMUNICATIONS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/PERSONALIZED-COMMUNICATIONS/ Sat, 14 Apr 2007 07:55:55 GMT In addition to standard VPN protocols, customized VPN solutions also exist. We will briefly guide you through some of the well-known open source solutions, such as cIPe, OpenVPN, and VTun. cIPe Claiming to provide nearly the same level of security as IPSec, cIPe works on the IP level and allows tunneling of the higher layer protocols (e... by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Alternative-VPN-Implementations/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Alternative-VPN-Implementations/ Sat, 14 Apr 2007 08:23:15 GMT The following list includes a few alternative RADIUS servers as well as several utilities for administration and user monitoring of the RADIUS daemon: Cistron. This server has become widely used in the free software community and was written by Miquel van Smoorenburg (miquels@cistron... by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Related-Tools/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/RADIUS-Related-Tools/ Wed, 04 Apr 2007 09:31:20 GMT Electronic mail (email) is the transferring of information messages via an electronic communications system. Initial versions of email could send short text messages of 1 to 3 pages. Email technology has evolved  (standardized) to allow file  attachments, and new versions of email (such as those using Flash technology) send animation or video clips as email messages... by Jack Johnson http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MOBILE-ELECTRONIC-MAIL/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/MOBILE-ELECTRONIC-MAIL/ Sun, 01 Apr 2007 10:39:25 GMT Let us discuss the most common and widely used real-world VPN protocols. The growing number of users, the ease of accessibility, and the reduced cost of the Internet connection have introduced a greater need for cost-effective and secure communications without purchase of leased lines. Many companies participated in the development that resulted in the creation of different VPN standards and protocols... by Krelle Xijao http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/VPN-and-Tunneling-Protocols/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/VPN-and-Tunneling-Protocols/ Wed, 21 Mar 2007 11:47:30 GMT Millions of people, have embraced the flexibility of a networking system that involves no wires at alla cordless networking technology called WiFi or 802.11 ("eight-oh-two dot eleven"). (Your Macintosh friends probably call the same thing AirPort, because that's what Apple calls it... by Mario Svaliega http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-Networks-(WiFi-or-802.11)/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-Networks-(WiFi-or-802.11)/ Mon, 19 Feb 2007 12:55:35 GMT Wireless communication systems have evolved through several stages of multiple-access control. The foremost controllable resource has always been the frequency spectrum. Other resources such as time, code, and space were initially manipulated in a very precarious and, therefore, ineffective manner... by Laura Ficzperich http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Duplexing-Techniques-in-Wireless-communication-systems/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Duplexing-Techniques-in-Wireless-communication-systems/ Tue, 23 Jan 2007 13:23:40 GMT The solution to all of these problems is the network domain. In a domain, you only have a single name and password, which gets you into every shared PC and printer on the network. Everyone's account information resides on a central computer called a domain controllera computer so important, it's usually locked away in a closet or a data-center room... by Mario Svaliega http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Domain-Concept/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-Domain-Concept/ Wed, 27 Dec 2006 14:31:45 GMT The Wireless Internet is not just wireless communications across town or the country. It is also local—sometimes in a home or office building. Wireless LANs are just becoming popular with economically  priced  wireless  Ethernet  equipment... by Steve Galloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-LAN-and-Personal-Area-Network/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-LAN-and-Personal-Area-Network/ Sun, 24 Dec 2006 15:39:50 GMT The IN protocols and concepts can be used to implement enhanced wireless services rapidly and to have these services available across serving areas in an untethered wireless network. Some of these services are listed below: Voice-Based User Identification. This service employs a form of automatic speech recognition to validate the identity of the speaker... by Laura Ficzperich http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-IN-Services/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Wireless-IN-Services/ Mon, 11 Dec 2006 16:47:55 GMT H.323 H.323 defines packet standards for terminal equipment and services for multimedia communications over local and wide area  networks  communicating  with  systems  connected  to telephony networks such as ISDN... by Steve Galloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/INFRASTRUCTURE-PROTOCOLS-AND-APPLICATIONS/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/INFRASTRUCTURE-PROTOCOLS-AND-APPLICATIONS/ Fri, 24 Nov 2006 17:55:15 GMT The HTTP protocol can be likened to a conversation based on a series of questions and answers, which we refer to respectively as HTTP requests and HTTP responses. The contents of HTTP requests and responses are easy to read and understand, being near to plain English in their syntax. This section examines the structure of these requests and responses, along with a few examples of the sorts of data they may contain... by Lian Xi Io http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-HTTP-Request-and-Response-Codes/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/The-HTTP-Request-and-Response-Codes/ Thu, 09 Nov 2006 18:23:20 GMT The first goal is detection. Can we tell when someone powers on a card within range of the local network? This can be done with off-the-shelf components and free software. The Cisco Aironet driver included with the more recent Linux kernels supports "RF Monitor" mode, which permits promiscuous monitoring of 802... by Kim Sulloway http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Detecting-Unauthorized-802.11-Cards-and-Access-Points/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Detecting-Unauthorized-802.11-Cards-and-Access-Points/ Tue, 26 Sep 2006 19:31:25 GMT Although momentum is building for a standardized protocol for instant messaging, interoperability among IM applications continues to be vexed by unresolved business and security issues. Recently, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)-sponsored protocol that would be a key to interoperability was criticized for being insecure by IM software vendors such as AOL Time Warner Inc. and IBM’s Lotus Software... by David Lind http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Standardized-Protocols-for-Private-Instant-Messaging/ http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Standardized-Protocols-for-Private-Instant-Messaging/ Sat, 12 Aug 2006 20:39:30 GMT