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1. Subcodes
Subcode bytes enable the drive to find songs (which are confusingly also called tracks) along the spiral track and also contain or convey additional information about the disc in general. The subcode bytes are stored as 1 byte per frame, which results in 98 subcode bytes for each sector. Two of these bytes are used as start block and end block markers, leaving 96 bytes of subcode information. These are then divided into eight 12-byte subcode blocks, each of which is assigned a letter designation PW. Each subcode channel can hol...

2. High Capacity Magnetic Storage Devices
High-capacity removable media drives are an ever-shrinking category. With competition at the low end (1GB and under capacities) from USB flash memory keychain drives and at higher capacities from external mini-hard disks (4GB and up), rewritable DVD (8.5GB), and larger USB and FireWire hard disks (20GB and up), there are only two current product families, both from Iomega: Zip. Flexible media, with capacities of 100MB, 250MB, and 750MB REV. Rigid media, with capacity of 35GB (native...

3. Handling CD Read Errors
Handling errors when reading a disc was a big part of the original Red Book CD standard. CDs use parity and interleaving techniques called cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code (CIRC) to minimize the effects of errors on the disk. This works at the frame level. When being stored, the 24 data bytes in each frame are first run through a Reed-Solomon encoder to produce a 4-byte parity code called "Q" parity, which then is added to the 24 data bytes. The resulting 28 bytes are then run though another encoder that uses a different scheme...

4. Floppy Drive Types
As distinct from diskette types and formats, six drive types have been installed in PC-compatible systems: 5.25-inch 160/180 KB (SSDD) Single-Sided, Double-Density(SSDD) was the standard FDD in very early PC-class systems. These drives read and write only SSDD diskettes. 5.25-inch 320/360 KB (DSDD) Double-Sided, Double-Density(DSDD) was the standard FDD in PC-class systems, and was often found as a second FDD in early AT and 386 systems. The...

5. How to choose a Tape Backup Drive
Choosing a tape backup drive can be a simple job if you need to back up a single standalone system with a relatively small hard drive. The decision becomes more complex if the system has a larger hard drive or if you must back up a desktop system as well as a laptop. Choosing a tape backup drive type can be an even more complex program if you must back up a network server's hard drives and perhaps even back up the workstations from the server. As you ponder which backup tape drive you should select, consider the following facto...

6. DVD Copy Protection
DVD video discs employ several levels of protection that are mainly controlled by the DVD Copy Control Association (DVD CCA) and a third-party company called Macrovision. This protection typically applies only to DVD-Video discs, not DVD-ROM software. So, for example, copy protection might affect your ability to make backup copies of The Matrix, but it won't affect a DVD encyclopedia or other software application distributed on DVD-ROM discs. Note that every one of these protection systems has been broken, so with a lit...

7. How to Manually Resolve Motherboard Conflicts
In the past, the only way to resolve conflicts manually was to take the cover off your system and start changing switches or jumper settings on the adapter cards. Fortunately, this is a bit easier with plug-and-play because all the configuration is done via the Device Manager software included in the operating system. Although some early plug-and-play cards also had jumper switches or setup options to enable them to be configured manually, this feature was found primarily on ISA PnP-compatible cards. Be sure you write down or print o...

8. Hard Drive Advancements
In 1957, Cyril Northcote Parkinson published his famous compilation of essays titled Parkinson's Law, which begins with the statement, "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion." A corollary of Parkinson's most famous "law" can be applied to hard drives: "Data expands so as to fill the space available for its storage." This, of course, means that no matter how big a drive you get, you will find a way to fill it. I know that I have lived by that dictum since purchasing my first hard disk drive more than 2...

9. How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data
All magnetic storage devices read and write data by using electromagnetism. This basic principle of physics states that as an electric current flows through a conductor (wire), a magnetic field is generated around the conductor. Note that electrons actually flow from negative to positive as shown in the figure, although we normally think of current flowing in the other direction Electromagnetism was discovered in 1819 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, when he found that a compass needle would deflect away from p...