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1. Standardized Protocols for Private Instant Messaging
Although momentum is building for a standardized protocol for instant messaging, interoperability among IM applications continues to be vexed by unresolved business and security issues. Recently, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)-sponsored protocol that would be a key to interoperability was criticized for being insecure by IM software vendors such as AOL Time Warner Inc. and IBM’s Lotus Software. The Lotus-AOL test used a variation of Simple Implementation Protocol (SIP) known as SIP for Instant Messaging ...

2. Detecting Unauthorized 802.11 Cards and Access Points
The first goal is detection. Can we tell when someone powers on a card within range of the local network? This can be done with off-the-shelf components and free software. The Cisco Aironet driver included with the more recent Linux kernels supports "RF Monitor" mode, which permits promiscuous monitoring of 802.11 packets - specifically, monitoring raw 802.11 frames to detect if there are any telltale frames broadcast by a rogue access point or card. As outlined in the original 802.11 specification, ther...

3. The HTTP Request and Response Codes
The HTTP protocol can be likened to a conversation based on a series of questions and answers, which we refer to respectively as HTTP requests and HTTP responses. The contents of HTTP requests and responses are easy to read and understand, being near to plain English in their syntax. This section examines the structure of these requests and responses, along with a few examples of the sorts of data they may contain. The HTTP Request After opening a connection to the intended serv...

4. INFRASTRUCTURE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS
H.323 H.323 defines packet standards for terminal equipment and services for multimedia communications over local and wide area  networks  communicating  with  systems  connected  to telephony networks such as ISDN. The initial version of this standard  came from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in June 1996. It  defines  communication over IP-based local area networks (LANs). A later version (v2), adopted in January 1998, extended it over wide are...

5. Wireless IN Services
The IN protocols and concepts can be used to implement enhanced wireless services rapidly and to have these services available across serving areas in an untethered wireless network. Some of these services are listed below: Voice-Based User Identification. This service employs a form of automatic speech recognition to validate the identity of the speaker. Access to services can then be restricted to the user whose voice (phrase) has been used to train the recognition device. Voice-Based Featur...

6. Wireless LAN and Personal Area Network
The Wireless Internet is not just wireless communications across town or the country. It is also local—sometimes in a home or office building. Wireless LANs are just becoming popular with economically  priced  wireless  Ethernet  equipment.  Standards such as IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Home RF are leading the way to untethered communications in-building or outside over small areas. Another important development is the Personal Area Network, also known as Bluetooth. Let’s take a look at each of th...

7. The Domain Concept
The solution to all of these problems is the network domain. In a domain, you only have a single name and password, which gets you into every shared PC and printer on the network. Everyone's account information resides on a central computer called a domain controllera computer so important, it's usually locked away in a closet or a data-center room. A domain controller keeps track of who is allowed to log on, who is logged on, and what each person is allowed to do on the network. When you log onto the domain with your PC,...

8. Duplexing Techniques in Wireless communication systems
Wireless communication systems have evolved through several stages of multiple-access control. The foremost controllable resource has always been the frequency spectrum. Other resources such as time, code, and space were initially manipulated in a very precarious and, therefore, ineffective manner. The early systems operated in the simplex mode in the forward link. Halfduplex systems soon appeared, in which forward link and reverse link shared the same channel. Access control was performed on a push-to-talk basis wit...

9. Wireless Networks (WiFi or 802.11)
Millions of people, have embraced the flexibility of a networking system that involves no wires at alla cordless networking technology called WiFi or 802.11 ("eight-oh-two dot eleven"). (Your Macintosh friends probably call the same thing AirPort, because that's what Apple calls it.) To get onto a wireless network, your PC needs a WiFi transmitter. Almost every laptop sold today has WiFi built in. You can also add it to a desktop in the form of a wireless card or USB adapter; either way, you gain a little antenna. Once...

10. VPN and Tunneling Protocols
Let us discuss the most common and widely used real-world VPN protocols. The growing number of users, the ease of accessibility, and the reduced cost of the Internet connection have introduced a greater need for cost-effective and secure communications without purchase of leased lines. Many companies participated in the development that resulted in the creation of different VPN standards and protocols. We discuss the most common ones here. IPSec IPSec is the most widely acknowledged, supported, and standardize...