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1. Troubleshooting Memory
Memory problems can be difficult to troubleshoot. For one thing, computer memory is still mysterious to people because it is a kind of "virtual" thing that can be hard to grasp. The other difficulty is that memory problems can be intermittent and often look like problems with other areas of the system, even software. This section shows simple troubleshooting steps you can perform if you suspect you are having a memory problem. To troubleshoot memory, you first need some memory-diagnostics testing programs. You already have several, a...

2. How SIMM DIMM and RIMM memory work
Originally, systems had memory installed via individual chips. They are often referred to as dual inline package (DIP) chips because of their designs. The original IBM XT and AT had 36 sockets on the motherboard for these individual chips; then more of them were installed on the memory cards plugged into the bus slots. I remember spending hours populating boards with these chips, which was a tedious job. Besides being a time-consuming and labor-intensive way to deal with memory, DIP chips had one notorious problemthey crept out of th...

3. The evolution of Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present
It is interesting to note that the microprocessor had existed for only 10 years prior to the creation of the PC! Intel invented the microprocessor in 1971; the PC was created by IBM in 1981. Now more than 20 years later, we are still using systems based more or less on the design of that first PC. The processors powering our PCs today are still backward compatible in many ways with the 8088 that IBM selected for the first PC in 1981. November 15, 2001 marked the 30th anniversary of the microprocessor, and in those 30 years processor ...

4. RDRAM
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) is a fairly radical memory design found in high-end PC systems from late 1999 through 2002. Intel signed a contract with Rambus in 1996 ensuring it would support RDRAM into 2001. After 2001, Intel continued to support RDRAM in existing systems, but new chipsets and motherboards primarily shifted to DDR SDRAM, and all future Intel chipsets and motherboards are being designed for either conventional DDR or the newer DDR2 standard. RDRAM standards had been proposed that will support faster processors through 2006; however, w...

5. Processor Codenames
Intel, AMD, and Cyrix have always used codenames when talking about future processors. The codenames usually are not supposed to become public, but they typically do. They can often be found in online and print news and magazine articles talking about future-generation processors. Sometimes, they even appear in motherboard manuals because the manuals are written before the processors are officially introduced. Processor Coden...

6. What is UMA ~ Upper Memory Area
The term Upper Memory Area (UMA) describes the reserved 384KB at the top of the first megabyte of system memory on a PC/XT and the first megabyte on an AT-type system. This memory has the addresses from A0000 through FFFFF. The way the 384KB of upper memory is used breaks down as follows: The first 128KB after conventional memory is called video RAM. It is reserved for use by video adapters. When text and graphics are displayed onscreen, the data bits that make up those images reside in this space. Video RAM is allotted t...

7. Memory Basics ~ ROM DRAM SRAM Cache Memory
Memory is the workspace for the computer's processor. It is a temporary storage area where the programs and data being operated on by the processor must reside. Memory storage is considered temporary because the data and programs remain there only as long as the computer has electrical power or is not reset. Before being shut down or reset, any data that has been changed should be saved to a more permanent storage device (usually a hard disk) so it can be reloaded into memory in the future. Memory often is called RAM, for random acce...

8. What are Dual Core Processors. Advantages of Dual Core Processor
No matter how fast a conventional single-core processor operates or how much RAM is installed in a system, it must ensure that each program and process that is running is properly serviced. As more and more programs are opened, the amount of time the processor can devote to each program is reduced. The result is that system performance declines. Workstations and servers have long enjoyed the benefits of multiple processors, including better responsiveness when multitasking, faster performance in single multithreaded applications, and better ...

9. How to install RAM Upgrades
Adding memory to a system is one of the most useful upgrades you can perform and also one of the least expensiveespecially when you consider the increased capabilities of Windows 9x/Me, Windows NT/2000/XP, and Linux when you give them access to more memory. In some cases, doubling the memory can practically double the speed of a computer. The following sections discuss adding memory, including selecting memory chips, installing memory chips, and testing the installation. Upgrade Options and Strategies...